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#1
By Ahmed Akber
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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16 Oct 2026
Which layer of the OSI model provides end-to-end communication services and error recovery for applications?
💡 Explanation:The Transport Layer (Layer 4) is responsible for end-to-end error recovery, flow control, and ensuring complete data transfer between hosts.
#2
By Ahmed Akber
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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02 Oct 2026
Which network protocol is responsible for mapping an IP address to a physical MAC address?
💡 Explanation:Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to discover the hardware (MAC) address associated with a specific IP address on a local network.
#3
By Rabia Anum
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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19 Sep 2026
In demand-paged memory systems, what is triggered when a program accesses a memory page not currently loaded in the RAM?
💡 Explanation:A page fault is an interrupt raised by hardware when a program accesses a page mapped in virtual memory but not present in physical RAM, prompting the OS to fetch it.
#4
By Rabia Anum
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Hard
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Fact Checked
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05 Sep 2026
What is the primary reason B-Trees are preferred over Binary Search Trees for disk-based database indexing?
💡 Explanation:B-Trees have a high branching factor, resulting in a much shallower tree height compared to Binary Search Trees. This structure minimizes the number of disk accesses (I/O) required to retrieve data, which is the primary performance bottleneck in disk-based storage systems.
#5
By Ahmed Akber
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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12 Aug 2026
Which normal form specifically addresses the removal of partial functional dependencies on a composite primary key?
💡 Explanation:Second Normal Form (2NF) ensures that all non-prime attributes are fully functionally dependent on the whole of every candidate key, thereby eliminating partial dependencies.
#6
By Kalsoom Tahir
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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12 Apr 2026
Which component of an operating system acts as the central interface between the computer’s hardware and its software applications?
💡 Explanation:The kernel is the foundational layer of an operating system that manages system resources and facilitates communication between hardware components and software processes.
#7
By Ahmed Akber
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Easy
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Fact Checked
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07 Mar 2026
What is the primary function of virtual memory in a modern operating system?
💡 Explanation:Virtual memory maps logical addresses to physical addresses, allowing the system to use secondary storage as an extension of RAM to run large applications.
#8
By Ahmed Akber
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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15 Feb 2026
What is the main advantage of a hash table (or dictionary) over an unsorted array for element lookup?
💡 Explanation:A well-implemented hash table, utilizing a good hash function, offers an average-case time complexity of O(1) for search, insertion, and deletion operations. This near-constant time performance is a significant advantage over an unsorted array, which requires O(n) time for a lookup in the average and worst cases (linear search). Option B is incorrect because the worst-case complexity for a hash table is O(n) due to collisions. Option A is incorrect as hash tables often require extra space for buckets or collision resolution. Option D is incorrect; arrays are better for sequential access.
#9
By Rabia Anum
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Easy
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Fact Checked
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06 Feb 2026
Which application layer protocol primarily relies on TCP for data integrity and guaranteed delivery?
💡 Explanation:TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), used for web browsing, relies on this reliability to ensure web pages, images, and files are transferred completely and correctly. DNS, DHCP, and VoIP primarily utilize the faster, connectionless UDP (User Datagram Protocol), where speed and low latency are prioritized over guaranteed delivery.
#10
By Rabia Anum
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Medium
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Fact Checked
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22 Jan 2026
Which CPU scheduling algorithm is best for an interactive time-sharing OS to ensure quick response time?
💡 Explanation:Round Robin (RR) is a preemptive scheduling algorithm specifically designed for time-sharing systems. It assigns a fixed time slice (quantum) to each process, ensuring that every process receives a fair share of the CPU at regular intervals. This preemption and fair distribution minimize the average response time for interactive users, preventing any single process from monopolizing the CPU.
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