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#1
By Zain
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Medium
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08 Mar 2026
Which international legal principle requires that a state’s use of force in response to an attack must not exceed the scale of the original provocation?
💡 Explanation:Proportionality is a core tenet of 'Jus ad Bellum' (justice of resort to war), mandating that military responses in self-defense must be commensurate with the injury suffered.
#2
By Zain
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Medium
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06 Mar 2026
Why do states utilize intelligence agencies for diplomatic signaling during active military or political conflicts?
💡 Explanation:Intelligence agencies often facilitate back-channel diplomacy, allowing states to explore de-escalation or negotiate terms without the political risks or transparency associated with formal diplomatic channels.
#3
By Zain
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Medium
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06 Mar 2026
What primary strategic interest motivates Russia’s role as a diplomatic mediator in border conflicts between Afghanistan and Pakistan?
💡 Explanation:Russia seeks to mitigate conflict in the Af-Pak region to prevent cross-border militancy and extremism from destabilizing the Central Asian republics, which Russia considers its primary security sphere or 'near abroad'.
#4
By Zain
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Medium
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23 Feb 2026
Under the Fourth Geneva Convention, how is the transfer of an occupying power’s civilian population into occupied territory legally classified?
💡 Explanation:Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits an occupying power from deporting or transferring parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies, a principle central to international legal discourse on settlements.
#5
By Zain
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Medium
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22 Feb 2026
In the context of global non-proliferation, what is the primary technical focus of negotiations regarding a state’s nuclear enrichment capabilities?
💡 Explanation:International non-proliferation diplomacy centers on monitoring enrichment levels to distinguish between low-enriched uranium for energy and highly enriched uranium for weapons-grade material.
#6
By Zain
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Medium
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22 Feb 2026
Under the USMCA, what is the frequency of the mandatory joint review required to extend the agreement’s 16-year term?
💡 Explanation:The USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) contains a 'sunset clause' requiring the three nations to conduct a joint review every six years to determine whether to extend the agreement beyond its initial 16-year lifespan.
#7
By Zain
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Medium
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19 Feb 2026
Which diplomatic framework governs international negotiations aimed at limiting Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for economic sanctions relief?
💡 Explanation:The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), signed in 2015, is the primary agreement between Iran and the P5+1 (USA, UK, France, Russia, China, and Germany) regarding Iran's nuclear activities.
#8
By Zain
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Medium
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18 Feb 2026
In international relations, what distinguishes a ‘Special Envoy’ from a resident Ambassador?
💡 Explanation:Unlike resident Ambassadors who manage broad bilateral relations in a specific country, Special Envoys are appointed by a head of state or government to handle specific high-stakes missions, geographic conflicts, or thematic issues.
#9
By Zain
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Medium
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18 Feb 2026
Which nation recently served as a diplomatic mediator in a security-related exchange between Pakistan and the Taliban?
💡 Explanation:Saudi Arabia has recently expanded its diplomatic role in South and Central Asia, notably acting as a key mediator in security-related exchanges and dialogue between Pakistan and the current Afghan government (Taliban).
#10
By Zain
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Medium
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17 Feb 2026
Which neurotoxin found in dart frogs was allegedly used to cause Alexei Navalny’s death?
💡 Explanation:Epibatidine is a highly potent neurotoxin found in the skin of certain South American poison dart frogs. Multiple European governments' analysis confirmed its presence in samples from Alexei Navalny following his death in February 2024, leading to accusations of poisoning.
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