Which type of international commitment involves guaranteed support for a non-treaty ally, but often excludes a formal mutual defense clause?

💡 Explanation:

Security guarantees represent a political and military commitment from a state or group of states to support another nation's security, often by providing aid, intelligence, or assistance in the event of future conflict. They are distinct from a full mutual defense pact (like NATO's Article V or a Bilateral Defense Pact) because they do not automatically mandate the guarantor's direct military intervention.