Which scientific discovery fundamentally introduced probabilistic laws over strict determinism at the atomic level?

💡 Explanation:

Quantum Theory, through key concepts like the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and the probabilistic nature of the wave function (Born Rule), established that the precise, simultaneous determination of conjugate variables (like position and momentum) is fundamentally impossible. This inherent, non-reducible uncertainty invalidates the strict determinism that characterized classical Newtonian mechanics when applied to the atomic scale.